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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like acetic acid is calculated using its dissociation constant (Ka) and an ICE table. Upon addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, a buffer forms, and its pH is determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. As more base is added and the titration reaches the halfway point, the pH becomes equal to the pKa of the acid, indicating equal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

Inducing Strong Superconductivity in WTe₂ by a Proximity Effect.

Ce Huang^1,2, Awadhesh Narayan³, Enze Zhang^1,2

¹State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China.

|June 15, 2018

Summary

Researchers achieved strong proximity-induced superconductivity in a type-II Weyl semimetal (WTe2) using NbSe2. An ultralong superconducting proximity length was observed in WTe2 films thinner than 30 nm.

Keywords:

Andreev reflection Bogoliubov−de Gennes equations WTe2 superconducting proximity effect topological semimetals

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Quantum phenomena

Background:

Proximity-induced superconductivity in topological materials is of significant interest.
Topological superconductors and Majorana zero modes are key for quantum computation.
Practical hybrid structures with topological semimetals and superconductors are challenging to realize.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate proximity-induced superconductivity in type-II Weyl semimetal WTe2.
To explore the influence of WTe2 thickness on superconducting properties.
To understand the mechanism of superconductivity in van der Waals heterostructures.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of van der Waals heterostructures by mechanically transferring NbSe2 onto WTe2 films of varying thicknesses.
Experimental measurements of superconducting transition temperature (Tc), gap amplitude (Δp), and proximity length (lp).
Theoretical calculations using Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations.

Main Results:

Strong proximity-induced superconductivity observed in WTe2.
An ultralong proximity length (lp) up to 7 μm was achieved with 21 nm WTe2.
Thicker WTe2 (42 nm) resulted in a weaker proximity effect with a shorter lp.
Theoretical calculations qualitatively agree with experimental observations regarding the dependence of the induced gap on WTe2 thickness.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates successful induction of superconductivity in WTe2 via proximity effect.
WTe2 thickness critically influences the superconducting proximity effect, with thinner films showing enhanced properties.
These findings provide a foundation for exploring superconducting phases in topological semimetals.