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Related Concept Videos

Distribution and Dispersion00:54

Distribution and Dispersion

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To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
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Structure of Alkanes02:23

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The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
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In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is connected through a resistor to the inverting terminal. Meanwhile, the non-inverting terminal is grounded and a feedback resistor is established between the inverting and output terminal, as depicted in Figure 1.
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Nomenclature of Alkanes02:22

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In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system for the systematic nomenclature of these newly discovered compounds. IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry), established in 1919, sets rules for the nomenclature.
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Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation01:18

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The molecular ions of linear alkanes prefer to fragment at the carbon-carbon bond away from the end of the chain since the cleavage of an inner bond creates a stable carbocation and a stable radical. Consequently, the mass signals of linear alkanes feature intense peaks in the middle of the mass-to-charge ratio plot with weaker peaks on either end. The fragmentation of each carbon-carbon bond with the release of a methyl group in each splitting leads to prominent peaks in the mass spectra...
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Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes02:18

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Organic compounds of the same molecular formula can have different structural formulas called constitutional isomers, and the phenomenon is known as constitutional isomerism. Alkanes with four or more carbons showing multiple structures with the same molecular formula thereby exhibit constitutional isomerism.
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Adapting Taylor Dispersion to Measure the Dispersion Coefficient of Electrolyte Solutions via an Accessible Microfluidic Setup
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Reverse Hexosome Dispersions in Alkanes-The Challenge of Inverting Structures.

Franz Pirolt, Otto Glatter, Gregor Trimmel

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    Researchers created stable reverse hexosomes, which are dispersions of liquid-crystalline (LC) phases in oil, using specific surfactants and nanoparticles as stabilizers. This advances the development of water-in-oil emulsions with nanostructured internal phases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Colloid and Surface Chemistry

    Background:

    • Monoglycerides form liquid-crystalline (LC) phases with water, creating nanostructured particles like cubosomes and hexosomes.
    • These dispersions are typically stabilized by triblock (TB) copolymers or nanoparticles, forming oil-in-water emulsions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the formation and stabilization of reverse systems: dispersions of hydrophilic LC phases in excess oil (e.g., tetradecane).
    • To transition from oil-in-water to water-in-oil emulsions with a liquid-crystalline water phase.

    Main Methods:

    • Investigated hexagonal hydrophilic LC phases capable of incorporating and coexisting with excess tetradecane.
    • Identified polymeric or nanoparticle stabilizers for emulsions without disrupting the hexagonal LC phase.
    • Assessed the stability of the resulting reverse hexosome emulsions.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully created hexagonal hydrophilic LC phases using short-chain nonionic surfactants or high-molecular-weight A-B-A type TB copolymers.
    • Stabilized reverse hexosomes using low hydrophilic-lipophilic balance TB copolymers or hydrophobized silica nanoparticles.

    Conclusions:

    • Demonstrated the feasibility of forming stable reverse hexosomes (water-in-oil emulsions with LC phases).
    • Highlighted the efficacy of specific TB copolymers and modified silica nanoparticles as stabilizers for these novel systems.