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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

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Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
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Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
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What is a Frequency Distribution00:51

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A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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Mean From a Frequency Distribution01:11

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Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the quantitative data set is plotted in the form of a table. Or else, the data values are grouped into the quantity’s intervals, which form classes, and their respective frequencies are known. That is, the data values are distributed over different categories or classes. This is known as frequency distribution.
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Interlocking Kerr-microresonator frequency combs for microwave to optical synthesis.

Travis C Briles, Jordan R Stone, Tara E Drake

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    |June 16, 2018
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    Researchers achieved precise phase stabilization for two interlocking Kerr-microresonator frequency combs. This breakthrough enables advanced optical-atomic timekeeping and synchronization applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Optics
    • Nanophotonics
    • Frequency Metrology

    Background:

    • Kerr-microresonator frequency combs are crucial for precise frequency measurements.
    • Stabilizing multiple frequency combs is essential for advanced metrology.
    • Silicon nitride and silica platforms offer distinct advantages for comb generation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate accurate phase stabilization of an interlocking pair of Kerr-microresonator frequency combs.
    • To explore the potential of these stabilized combs for optical-atomic timekeeping and synchronization.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a single laser to generate two combs (silicon nitride and silica) with nearly harmonic repetition frequencies.
    • Achieved an ultrafast-laser regime in the silicon nitride comb, supporting soliton pulses and a 170 THz bandwidth.
    • Employed nanofabrication techniques to control the silicon nitride comb's carrier-envelope offset frequency and spectral profile.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully phase-stabilized the interlocking silicon nitride and silica Kerr combs.
    • Demonstrated a stable phase-link between optical and microwave frequencies.
    • Achieved coherent clock reproduction with a fractional precision below 3×10-16 over 2 hours.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase-stabilized Kerr combs represent a viable technology for high-precision applications.
    • The demonstrated system offers a robust platform for optical-atomic timekeeping.
    • This work paves the way for enhanced optical synchronization systems.