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Crystal Field Theory
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Active crystals on a sphere.

Simon Praetorius1, Axel Voigt1,2,3, Raphael Wittkowski4,5

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active crystals on spheres exhibit novel defect structures. Depending on self-propulsion strength, they form static, vortex-vortex, or source-sink crystalline states, offering experimental possibilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Theoretical physics

Background:

  • Two-dimensional crystals on curved surfaces display complex defect patterns.
  • Active crystals, composed of self-propelled particles, introduce unique dynamic behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior and defect structures of active crystals on a spherical manifold.
  • To identify different crystalline states based on self-propulsion strength.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a phase-field-crystal model incorporating density and polarization fields on a sphere.
  • Theoretically analyzed the influence of self-propulsion strength on crystal dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct crystalline states: static, vortex-vortex, and source-sink.
  • The vortex-vortex state features two vortical velocity poles.
  • The source-sink state exhibits poles for crystallization and melting.

Conclusions:

  • Active crystals on spheres exhibit rich phase behavior driven by self-propulsion.
  • The theoretical findings provide a framework for experimental validation of these dynamic crystalline states and their defects.