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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange01:16

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Gas behavior plays a vital role in understanding bodily processes such as external and internal respiration. External respiration involves the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it in the lungs. In contrast, internal respiration happens in body tissues, where these gases move in opposite directions.
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Social Exchange Theory02:06

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Social Exchange Theory01:26

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As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules02:34

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The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws) can be derived from the assumptions of the KMT, which have led chemists to believe that the assumptions of the theory accurately represent the properties of gas molecules.
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The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular...
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Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Mouse
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Extracorporeal Gas Exchange.

Onnen Moerer1, Francesco Vasques2, Eleonora Duscio3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany.

Critical Care Clinics
|June 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracorporeal gas exchange offers vital support for acute respiratory failure, including ARDS, and aids in lung protection. This technique helps unload respiratory muscles, potentially avoiding invasive ventilation and facilitating ventilator weaning.

Keywords:
Acute respiratory distress syndromeCritical careExtracorporeal CO(2) removalExtracorporeal gas exchangeExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)Mechanical ventilationRespiratory failure

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Extracorporeal Life Support

Background:

  • Extracorporeal gas exchange (ECG) is a growing therapeutic modality.
  • Its applications include managing refractory acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current evidence and indications for extracorporeal gas exchange.
  • To discuss the physiological rationale and clinical benefits of ECG.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current evidence on extracorporeal gas exchange.
  • Analysis of indications for use in respiratory failure.

Main Results:

  • ECG supports lung-protective ventilation, reducing ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).
  • It facilitates treatment of hypercapnic respiratory failure and muscle unloading.
  • ECG can help avoid intubation and aid ventilator weaning.

Conclusions:

  • Extracorporeal gas exchange has established indications in critical respiratory care.
  • The benefits must be balanced against the associated costs and potential complications.