Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

33.8K
In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
33.8K
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

3.2K
In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
3.2K
DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

10.1K
In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
10.1K
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

22.5K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
22.5K
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

11.2K
Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
11.2K
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

17.5K
DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
17.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Experimental and simulated <math><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>H</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> <msub><mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub></mrow> <annotation>${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$</annotation></semantics></math> in pure water under conventional and ultra-high dose rates for single pulse proton irradiation.

Medical physics·2026
Same author

DNA decompaction enhances the formation of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks and chromosome aberrations.

Life sciences in space research·2026
Same author

Recent Geant4 developments and applications in medicine and biology: Report from the 5th Geant4 International User Conference at the Physics-Medicine-Biology Frontier.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026
Same author

Intercomparison of low-energy electron transport calculations by different Monte Carlo track-structure simulation codes.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same author

Evaluation of the uncertainty in calculating nanodosimetric quantities due to the use of different interaction cross sections in Monte Carlo track structure codes.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Comparison of different quality factor models for space radiation protection.

Radiation and environmental biophysics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Assaying DNA Damage in Hippocampal Neurons Using the Comet Assay
10:00

Assaying DNA Damage in Hippocampal Neurons Using the Comet Assay

Published on: December 19, 2012

28.2K

Accounting for radiation-induced indirect damage on DNA with the Geant 4-DNA code.

Liset de la Fuente Rosales1, Sebastien Incerti2, Ziad Francis3

  • 1Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|June 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study enhances Monte Carlo simulations to model indirect DNA damage from ionizing radiation. The improved model accurately predicts DNA strand breaks, crucial for understanding radiation

Keywords:
DNADamageIndirectNanodosimetry

More Related Videos

Using Immunofluorescence to Detect PM2.5-induced DNA Damage in Zebrafish Embryo Hearts
05:58

Using Immunofluorescence to Detect PM2.5-induced DNA Damage in Zebrafish Embryo Hearts

Published on: February 15, 2021

4.3K
Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
11:24

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation

Published on: July 3, 2015

11.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Assaying DNA Damage in Hippocampal Neurons Using the Comet Assay
10:00

Assaying DNA Damage in Hippocampal Neurons Using the Comet Assay

Published on: December 19, 2012

28.2K
Using Immunofluorescence to Detect PM2.5-induced DNA Damage in Zebrafish Embryo Hearts
05:58

Using Immunofluorescence to Detect PM2.5-induced DNA Damage in Zebrafish Embryo Hearts

Published on: February 15, 2021

4.3K
Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
11:24

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation

Published on: July 3, 2015

11.5K

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Radiation Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are vital for studying ionizing radiation's biological effects.
  • Existing models require enhancement to accurately account for indirect DNA damage.
  • Applications span nanodosimetry, radiotherapy, radiation protection, and space radiation research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance an existing radiobiological model to include indirect DNA damage from ionizing particles.
  • To simulate early DNA damage stages using the Geant4-DNA toolkit.
  • To investigate hydroxyl radical-induced damage to the DNA sugar-phosphate group.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Geant4-DNA for simulating physical, pre-chemical, and chemical stages of DNA damage.
  • Employed liquid water as the simulation medium.
  • Generated phase-space files detailing energy deposition and chemical species, feeding into a radiobiological code with an atomic-resolution genetic material model (30 nm chromatin fibers, B-DNA).

Main Results:

  • Simulated indirect DNA damage induced by hydroxyl radicals (OH) on the sugar-phosphate group.
  • Calculated reaction radius using Smoluchowski's diffusion equation.
  • Reported yields for single, double, and total DNA strand breaks from direct, indirect, and mixed mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced model provides a more comprehensive understanding of early DNA damage.
  • Simulated results align with existing experimental and calculated data.
  • This work refines radiobiological modeling for improved accuracy in radiation effects studies.