Evaluating Pro- and Re-Active Driving Behavior by Means of the EEG

Traffic safety essentially depends on the drivers' alertness and vigilance, especially in monotonous or demanding driving situations. Brain oscillatory EEG activity offers insight into a drivers' mental state and has therefore attracted much attention in the past. However, EEG measures do not only vary with internal factors like attentional engagement and vigilance but might also interact with external factors like time on task, task demands, or the degree to which a traffic situation is predictable. In order to identify EEG parameters for cognitive mechanisms involved in tasks of high and low controllability, the present study investigated the interaction of time on task, task load, and cognitive controllability in simulated driving scenarios, using an either re-active or pro-active driving task. Participants performed a lane-keeping task, half of them compensating varying levels of crosswind (re-active task), and the other half driving along a winding road (pro-active task). Both driving tasks were adjusted with respect to difficulty. The analysis of oscillatory EEG parameters showed an increase in total power (1-30 Hz) with time on task, with decreasing task load, and in the re-active compared to the pro-active task. Furthermore, the relative power in Alpha band increased with decreasing task load and time on task, while relative Theta power showed the opposite pattern. Moreover, relative Alpha power was also higher in the re-active, than pro-active, driving situation, an effect that even increased with time on task. The results demonstrate that the controllability of a driving situation has a similar effect on oscillatory EEG activity like time on task and task load.