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Related Concept Videos

Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

4.6K
Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
4.6K
DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
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DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Recombinant DNA01:09

Recombinant DNA

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Overview
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication...
59.7K
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

17.5K
DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
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Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

Published on: July 11, 2025

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Paranemic Crossover DNA: There and Back Again.

Xing Wang1, Arun Richard Chandrasekaran2, Zhiyong Shen3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States.

Chemical Reviews
|June 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paranemic crossover (PX) DNA motifs are versatile building blocks in nanotechnology, enabling complex nanostructures and devices. Recent findings suggest PX-DNA may also play a role in fundamental biological processes like DNA homology recognition.

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Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • DNA nanotechnology
  • Structural biology
  • Nanoscale engineering

Background:

  • DNA nanotechnology utilizes DNA motifs to construct nanometer-scale constructs, devices, and walkers.
  • Paranemic crossover (PX) DNA is a key rigid motif crucial for assembling complex DNA nanostructures.
  • PX DNA has demonstrated utility in diverse applications, from creating 3D objects and 2D crystals to enabling nanoscale assembly lines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse attributes and applications of the Paranemic crossover (PX) DNA motif.
  • To explore the design, characteristics, and functionalities of PX-DNA in nanotechnology.
  • To discuss the emerging potential biological relevance of PX-DNA in homology recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on DNA nanotechnology and PX-DNA.
  • Analysis of PX-DNA's structural properties and conformational changes (e.g., with JX2 topoisomer).
  • Examination of reported applications in nanodevices, assembly lines, and transducers.

Main Results:

  • PX-DNA serves as a versatile structural element in DNA nanotechnology, facilitating the creation of complex architectures.
  • Conformational flexibility of PX-DNA enables sequence-dependent nanodevices and dictates polymer assembly.
  • PX-DNA is proposed as a potential molecular structure for double-stranded DNA homology recognition.

Conclusions:

  • PX-DNA is a fundamental motif with established roles in DNA nanotechnology and emerging potential in basic biology.
  • Understanding PX-DNA's properties is key to advancing nanodevice design and potentially elucidating biological mechanisms.
  • Further research into PX-DNA's biological relevance could bridge nanotechnology and molecular biology.