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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Real-Time cAMP Detection in Cells Using cADDis Biosensor
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Gene expression and cAMP.

Y Nagamine, E Reich

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    |July 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers identified a cAMP-regulatory unit in porcine genes. This sequence, also found in rat and E. coli genes, suggests a conserved mechanism for controlling gene expression via cAMP-binding proteins.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Gene expression is tightly regulated by various cellular signals.
    • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a crucial second messenger involved in numerous cellular processes, including gene regulation.
    • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cAMP-mediated gene expression is vital for deciphering cellular signaling pathways.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and characterize the cAMP-regulatory unit in the porcine urokinase plasminogen activator gene.
    • To investigate the evolutionary conservation of cAMP-responsive elements across different species and organisms.
    • To propose a model for cAMP-mediated transcriptional regulation in higher eukaryotes.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative sequence analysis of the 5'-flanking regions of the porcine urokinase plasminogen activator gene and other known cAMP-regulated genes.
    • Identification of homologous sequences in eukaryotic (rat) and prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) genes.
    • Bioinformatic analysis to predict protein-DNA interactions and regulatory functions.

    Main Results:

    • A conserved 29-nucleotide sequence was identified in the 5'-flanking region of the porcine urokinase plasminogen activator gene, proposed as a cAMP-regulatory unit.
    • Homologous sequences were found in cAMP-regulated rat genes (tyrosine aminotransferase, prolactin, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and Escherichia coli genes.
    • Evidence suggests that proteins forming complexes with cAMP and exhibiting sequence-specific DNA-binding properties may control cAMP-responsive gene expression in higher eukaryotes.

    Conclusions:

    • The identified 29-nucleotide sequence represents a potential conserved cAMP-regulatory unit involved in controlling gene expression.
    • The regulatory subunit of type II mammalian protein kinase is a candidate for mediating cAMP-dependent transcriptional regulation, potentially retaining ancestral DNA-binding and transcription-regulating properties.
    • cAMP-mediated dissociation of protein kinase could simultaneously activate protein phosphorylation and transcription regulation via its regulatory subunit.