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Related Concept Videos

Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum01:21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the tubule morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The ER provides optimal conditions for synthesizing steroid hormones and lipids, such as phospholipids and triglycerides. Traditionally, lipid metabolism was considered to be a smooth ER function. However, there is no direct evidence to prove that rough ER is completely excluded from lipid...
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Quality Control01:05

Quality Control

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Quality control is one of the three cyclical quality assurance activities that help keep a system under statistical control. Typical quality control activities include creating quality control charts, conducting proficiency testing, and documenting and archiving results.
Quality control helps track data, visualize trends, and identify variations, making it easier to detect deviations that may affect the accuracy of an analysis. One way to do this is by generating a quality control chart, which...
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Quality Assurance01:19

Quality Assurance

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Quality assurance is the overarching term used to describe the activities employed to ensure the proper performance of a system. These activities can be classified into three categories: quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. Typically, these activities work cyclically: quality control is performed before and during the analysis, while quality assessment occurs during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are implemented based on the findings...
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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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Endoplasmic reticulum quality control by garbage disposal.

Hisae Kadowaki1, Hideki Nishitoh1

  • 1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Japan.

The FEBS Journal
|June 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cells manage endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by clearing misfolded proteins through disposal systems like autophagy. This ER quality control is vital for preventing cell death and related diseases.

Keywords:
ER stressautophagyendoplasmic reticulummRNA decayprotein degradationquality control

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress disrupts cellular homeostasis due to various intracellular and extracellular stresses.
  • Prolonged ER stress can lead to cell toxicity, cell death, and associated conformational diseases like diabetes and neurodegeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive understanding of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control system.
  • To focus on the ER-related garbage disposal systems involved in resolving ER stress.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing research on ER stress response mechanisms.
  • Focus on cellular disposal systems including mRNA decay, proteasomal degradation, and autophagy.

Main Results:

  • Cells possess multiple ER-related disposal systems to manage misfolded proteins.
  • These systems include mRNA decay, proteasomal degradation, and autophagy for removing malformed proteins and cellular components.

Conclusions:

  • Effective ER quality control relies on prompt and accurate reduction of misfolded proteins.
  • ER-related garbage disposal systems are crucial for maintaining ER function and preventing cellular dysfunction and disease.