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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
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Optimization and characterization of lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersion by self-dispersing method.

Chunxin Wang1, Bo Cui1, Xiang Zhao1

  • 1Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.

Pest Management Science
|June 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersion (LCSND) was developed to address issues with conventional pesticides. This eco-friendly formulation offers improved bioavailability and stability for safer agricultural applications.

Keywords:
lambda-cyhalothrinpesticideself-dispersingsolid nanodispersion

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Conventional pesticides pose risks to food safety and the environment due to low efficacy and high usage.
  • There is a need for improved pesticide formulations to mitigate these risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersion (LCSND) using a self-dispersing method.
  • To evaluate the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of the developed LCSND.

Main Methods:

  • A self-dispersing method was employed to synthesize lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersion.
  • Particle size, dispersibility, wettability, and stability were analyzed.
  • Bioavailability was compared to commercial formulations.

Main Results:

  • The LCSND exhibited a mean particle size of 32.7 ± 1.1 nm.
  • The formulation demonstrated excellent dispersibility, wettability, and stability.
  • Significantly improved bioavailability was observed compared to commercial products, with minimal environmental impact due to the absence of organic solvents.

Conclusions:

  • Lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersion presents a promising, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional pesticide formulations.
  • The developed LCSND has broad application prospects in agriculture and environmental protection.