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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Ballistic molecular transport through two-dimensional channels.

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Gas transport through nanoscale channels can be frictionless and extremely fast due to specular surface scattering, challenging traditional Knudsen theory and revealing quantum effects at room temperature.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanoscale science and engineering
  • Surface physics and chemistry
  • Quantum mechanics

Background:

  • Gas permeation through nanoscale pores is crucial for natural processes and technology.
  • Knudsen theory, assuming diffuse scattering, conventionally describes gas flow in small pores.
  • Specular reflection has been rarely observed, limiting understanding of gas-surface interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gas transport mechanisms in ångström-scale channels with atomically flat surfaces.
  • To explore the influence of surface atomic landscape and quantum effects on gas scattering.
  • To demonstrate controlled gas transport phenomena at the quantum scale.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of ångström-scale channels using graphene, boron nitride, and molybdenum disulfide.
  • Experimental measurement of helium and hydrogen/deuterium gas permeation through these channels.
  • Analysis of gas transport behavior in relation to surface topography and quantum mechanical properties.

Main Results:

  • Specular surface scattering observed in graphene and boron nitride channels, leading to ballistic transport and significantly enhanced helium flow.
  • Molybdenum disulfide channels exhibited slower permeation, consistent with Knudsen diffusion due to larger surface corrugations.
  • A reversed isotope effect for hydrogen/deuterium flow was observed, indicating quantum matter-wave contributions.

Conclusions:

  • Surface scattering in nanoscale channels can be specular, driven by atomic landscape and quantum effects, even at room temperature.
  • Ballistic, frictionless gas transport is achievable in precisely engineered channels.
  • These findings offer new insights into atomistic gas transport and open possibilities for quantum-controlled nanoscale flow.