Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
Published on: January 5, 2016
RHD-Positive Alleles among D- C/E+ Individuals from India
Swati S Kulkarni1, Harita Gogri1, Disha Parchure1
1National Institute of Immunohematology, Indian Council of Medical Research (NIIH-ICMR), Mumbai, India.
Background:
Molecular bases of blood group systems, including Rh blood group, have been poorly studied in the Indian population so far, while specificities of Europeans, East Asians and Africans have been well known for years. In order to gain insights into the molecular bases of this population, we sought to characterize the RHD allele in D- Indian donors expressing C and/or E antigen(s).
Methods:
RHD gene was analyzed in 171 serologically D-, C/E+ samples by standard molecular methods such as quantitative, multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF) and direct sequencing when necessary.
Results:
RHD whole gene deletion at the homozygous state was found to be the most common genotype associated with D- phenotype (118/171, 69.0%). Nonfunctional, negative hybrid genes with reported molecular backgrounds were observed in approximately one-third of the samples, while only four samples carry single-nucleotide variations, including one novel nonsense (RHD(Y243X)), one novel frameshift (RHD(c.701delG)), and two missense (RHD(T148R) and RHD(T148R, T195M)) alleles.
Conclusion:
Overall we report for the first time the molecular bases of D antigen negativity in the D-, C/E+ Indian population, which appears to be qualitatively similar to other populations, but with a population-specific, quantitative distribution of D-- alleles.
Related Concept Videos
Multiple Allele Traits
Lethal Alleles
Lucien Cuénot discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is responsible for the color of the coat in mice. This gene codes for an agouti-signaling protein, which is responsible for melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele gives rise to gray-brown coat color in mice, while the mutant allele gives rise to yellow coat color. In addition to coat color, the agouti gene is associated with the yellow...
Impact of Individuals on Individuals
Position-effect Variegation
Serial Position Effect
Impact of Groups on Individuals

