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Related Concept Videos

Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery
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Electronics and orthopaedic surgery.

Sultan Aldebeyan1, Ahmed Aoude2, Edward J Harvey2

  • 1Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.

Injury
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PubMed
Summary

Medical sensors, including wearable and implantable devices, are digitalizing healthcare. This review summarizes current sensor applications in general medicine and orthopaedics, highlighting their revolutionary impact.

Keywords:
Medical deviceMedical sensorsOrthopaedic sensorsWearable device

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Technology
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Sensors have significantly advanced medical practices, transitioning from manual to digital processes.
  • Wearable and implantable wireless sensors are increasingly prevalent in healthcare.
  • Existing sensor applications include monitoring blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and arrhythmias, with advanced systems like insulin pumps offering feedback loops.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive summary of sensor technologies utilized in the medical field.
  • To specifically highlight the emerging applications of sensors within orthopaedics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sensor technologies in general medicine.
  • Review of sensor applications in the field of orthopaedics.

Main Results:

  • Sensors are revolutionizing healthcare through digitalization and cost-effectiveness.
  • Established medical applications include vital sign monitoring and insulin delivery systems.
  • Orthopaedics is increasingly adopting sensor technologies.

Conclusions:

  • Sensors are integral to modernizing medical diagnostics and treatment.
  • The integration of sensors in orthopaedics represents a significant technological advancement.
  • Continued innovation in sensor technology promises further healthcare transformation.