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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

8.0K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
8.0K
Frames01:30

Frames

848
Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
Frames are versatile and widely used in various applications such as structural supports for beams and columns, automobile chassis construction, and in the construction...
848
Frames: Problem Solving II01:26

Frames: Problem Solving II

506
Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
506
Frames: Problem Solving I01:24

Frames: Problem Solving I

984
Consider a jib crane with an external load suspended from the pulley. The dimensions of the crane members are shown in the figure. A systematic analysis of the frame structure is required to determine the reaction forces at the pin joints, assuming that the pulleys are frictionless.
984
Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

8.8K
Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
8.8K
Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

7.2K
A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
7.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

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Selection of macroreference frames in spatial memory.

Jonathan W Kelly1, Zachary D Siegel2, Lori A Sjolund2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, W112 Lagomarcino Hall, 901 Stange Rd, Ames, IA, 50011-1041, USA. jonkelly@iastate.edu.

Memory & Cognition
|June 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macroreference frames organize spatial memories across different layouts, even when individual layouts align. Their selection depends on global and relational axes, and the learning perspective, refining our understanding of spatial cognition.

Keywords:
Hierarchical organizationReference framesSpatial cognitionSpatial memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Spatial memories are hierarchically organized into clusters, each with a microreference frame.
  • Relationships between these clusters are governed by a macroreference frame.
  • Understanding macroreference frames is crucial for spatial memory research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of macroreference frames in spatial memory.
  • To determine how macroreference frames function with overlapping spatial layouts.
  • To examine factors influencing macroreference frame selection.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involving participants learning overlapping spatial layouts in a room-sized environment.
  • A memory-based perspective-taking task.
  • Analysis of between-layout judgments to infer macroreference frame usage.

Main Results:

  • Macroreference frames are indeed used to characterize overlapping spatial layouts.
  • Macroreference frames are utilized even when microreference frames are aligned.
  • Macroreference frame selection is influenced by the global macroaxis, relational macroaxis, and learning view.

Conclusions:

  • Macroreference frames play a broad role in organizing spatial memory across multiple layouts.
  • The selection of macroreference frames is a complex process involving multiple interacting factors.
  • These findings advance the understanding of spatial memory organization and navigation.