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Diffusion01:12

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging
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Under Diffusion Control: from Structuring Matter to Directional Motion.

Luca Cera1, Christoph A Schalley1,2

  • 1Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemists are using self-organization in reaction-diffusion systems to create complex, functional materials. This approach moves beyond equilibrium self-assembly, enabling the design of smart materials with emergent properties and macroscopic motion.

Keywords:
hierarchical morphogenesisreaction-diffusion systemsself-organizationspatio-temporal patternssystems chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Chemical systems

Background:

  • Self-organization is a key strategy for designing functional materials.
  • Moving beyond equilibrium self-assembly is crucial for exploring complex chemical systems.
  • Reaction-diffusion systems offer unique properties for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review self-organization in reaction-diffusion systems.
  • To highlight the design of complex morphogenesis in synthetic systems.
  • To explore the potential of dynamic instability for smart materials and actuators.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on reaction-diffusion systems.
  • Utilize oscillating reactions and diffusion-limited reactivity.
  • Introduce dynamic instability for material design.
  • Exploit spatio-temporal patterns and chemical gradients.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrate the feasibility of complex morphogenesis in synthetic systems.
  • Showcase the creation of hierarchically and nanostructured matter.
  • Illustrate the realization of macroscopic motion using dynamic instability.
  • Reveal how symmetry breaking leads to anisotropic mechanical transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Self-organization in reaction-diffusion systems enables the creation of advanced functional materials.
  • Dynamic instability and chemical gradients are powerful tools for designing responsive materials.
  • This approach allows for the development of materials with emergent properties and controlled motion.