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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Direct imaging and manipulation of ionic diffusion in mixed electronic-ionic conductors.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new methods to analyze solid-state batteries. They found that grain boundaries in lithium manganese oxide cathodes enhance ion activity, crucial for improving battery performance and safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) need higher energy density, power, and safety.
  • All-solid-state 3D thin-film batteries (ASBs) are promising for these advancements.
  • Homogeneous electrochemical activity and high ionic diffusivity in electrodes are critical for ASB performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce advanced nanometer-resolved techniques for characterizing ASB components.
  • To investigate the structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties of LixMn2O4 thin-film cathodes.
  • To develop and validate a novel ion-modulated conductive atomic force microscopy (imC-AFM) technique.

Main Methods:

  • Combined conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for structural and electrical analysis.
  • Introduced and utilized ion-modulated C-AFM (imC-AFM) to probe electrochemical activity in confined volumes.
  • Studied LixMn2O4 thin-film cathodes to analyze their properties at the nanoscale.

Main Results:

  • Established a direct correlation between electrical conductivity and local chemistry in the cathode material.
  • Observed non-uniform lithium-ion electrochemical activity on the cathode surface, with enhanced activity at grain boundaries (GBs).
  • Detected significant volume expansion during high lithium incorporation using imC-AFM.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides novel insights into the electrochemical behavior of ASB cathode materials.
  • Identified grain boundaries as key regions for enhanced ionic conductivity in LixMn2O4 cathodes.
  • Introduced a new analytical pathway for rapid material assessment in all-solid-state batteries.