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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Lanthanide-induced relaxation anisotropy.

Elizaveta A Suturina1, Kevin Mason, Carlos F G C Geraldes

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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|June 23, 2018
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Summary

Lanthanide ions affect nuclear spin relaxation through dipolar and Curie mechanisms. New research reveals these processes depend on vector direction, not just length, requiring revised theories for structural biology applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
  • Lanthanide Chemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Lanthanide ions are widely used as paramagnetic probes in NMR spectroscopy.
  • Nuclear spin relaxation is primarily influenced by dipolar and Curie mechanisms.
  • Current theories assume these mechanisms are independent of the lanthanide-nucleus vector's direction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the angular dependence of lanthanide-induced nuclear spin relaxation.
  • To challenge the prevailing assumption of directional independence in relaxation mechanisms.
  • To provide a revised theoretical framework for interpreting lanthanide relaxation data.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of proton relaxation data from a series of isostructural lanthanide complexes (Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb).
  • Experimental validation of theoretical predictions regarding relaxation mechanisms.
  • Comparison of experimental findings with established theories (Guéron's and Bloembergen's).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant angular dependence in both Curie and dipolar relaxation processes.
  • Identified magnetic susceptibility anisotropy and strong zero-field splitting as key factors influencing angular dependence.
  • Showed that these effects alter relaxation theory beyond known cross-correlation effects.

Conclusions:

  • The direction of the lanthanide-nucleus vector critically impacts nuclear spin relaxation rates.
  • Existing theories for Curie and dipolar relaxation are incomplete and require revision.
  • Rethinking the interpretation of lanthanide-induced relaxation data is essential for structural biology.