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Light as Energy01:35

Light as Energy

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The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

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Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Inactivation of Pathogens via Visible-Light Photolysis of Riboflavin-5′-Phosphate
08:25

Inactivation of Pathogens via Visible-Light Photolysis of Riboflavin-5′-Phosphate

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3D Visible-Light Invisibility Cloak.

Bin Zheng1,2, Rongrong Zhu1,2, Liqiao Jing1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|June 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel invisibility cloak that conceals large objects from view in visible light. This breakthrough simplifies the design of 3D cloaking devices using common materials.

Keywords:
3Dinvisibility cloakstransformation opticsvisible light

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Invisibility cloaks are a staple of science fiction but challenging to realize in visible light.
  • Existing cloaking methods often bypass electromagnetic coupling issues by operating in specific conditions or media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the concealment of a large-scale spherical object from human sight.
  • To simplify the design and material requirements for 3D invisibility cloaks.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 3D homogeneous polyhedral transformation.
  • Implemented a spatially invariant refractive index discretization.
  • Reduced the coupling of electromagnetic components of visible light.

Main Results:

  • Successfully concealed a large-scale spherical object from three orthogonal viewpoints.
  • Significantly reduced electromagnetic component coupling in visible light.
  • Enabled simplified design for 3D invisibility cloaks.

Conclusions:

  • The novel approach simplifies the creation of large-scale invisibility cloaks.
  • Homogeneous and isotropic materials can be used for advanced cloaking applications.
  • This research bridges the gap between theoretical invisibility and practical realization.