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What is Variation?01:14

What is Variation?

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Related Experiment Video

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Orthopedic Robot-Assisted Femoral Neck System in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture
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Physician practice variation under orthopedic bundled payment.

Joshua M Liao1, Ezekiel J Emanuel, Gary L Whittington

  • 11959 NE Pacific St, BB 1240, Seattle, WA 98195.

The American Journal of Managed Care
|June 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physician practice variation in joint replacement costs and postacute care utilization exists but decreased over time. Higher physician volume and quality correlated with lower payments and utilization, not implant costs.

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Management
  • Health Economics
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Bundled payment models aim to control costs and improve quality in joint replacement surgery.
  • Understanding physician practice variation is crucial for optimizing bundled care strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify physician practice variation in implant costs, postacute care (PAC) utilization, and total episode payments.
  • To examine longitudinal changes in this variation.
  • To assess the association between physician volume/quality and these outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Observational study using claims and hospital cost data for 3614 joint replacement episodes.
  • Employed multilevel multivariable generalized linear models.
  • Utilized intraclass correlation (ICC) to measure between-physician variation.

Main Results:

  • Significant physician practice variation was found in implant costs, PAC utilization, and total episode payments.
  • Variation generally decreased over 5 years, though not always statistically significant.
  • Higher physician volume and quality were linked to lower total payments and PAC utilization, but not implant costs.

Conclusions:

  • Considerable physician practice variation exists within bundled payment for joint replacements.
  • Variation reduction is not strictly necessary for bundled payment success.
  • Physician volume and quality are key factors influencing episode payments and PAC use.