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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:39

Mutations

94.6K
Overview
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

18.0K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
18.0K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors
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Targeting ERBB2 mutations in solid tumors: biological and clinical implications.

Sophie Cousin1,2, Emmanuel Khalifa1,3, Amandine Crombe4

  • 1Early Phase Trials Unit, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France.

Journal of Hematology & Oncology
|June 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

ERBB2 mutations are found in various solid tumors and respond to HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Targeting ERBB2 mutations with trastuzumab and lapatinib showed promising results, including tumor shrinkage, supporting further clinical investigation.

Keywords:
ERBB2MutationSecondary resistanceTargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The study investigates the prevalence and clinical significance of ERBB2 (also known as HER2) mutations in a large cohort of solid tumors.
  • Preclinical evidence suggests that ERBB2 activating mutations are sensitive to HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, prompting this translational research.

Discussion:

  • ERBB2 mutations were identified in 2.85% of 17,878 solid tumors, with higher frequencies in bladder, small bowel, ampullar, skin non-melanoma, and cervical cancers.
  • Activating ERBB2 mutations constituted 49.4% of all ERBB2 mutations and were not mutually exclusive of ERBB2 amplification. PI3KCA mutations were frequently associated with ERBB2 mutations, particularly in breast and lung cancers.

Key Insights:

  • Four patients with advanced ERBB2-mutated tumors (endometrial, colorectal, cholangiocarcinoma, adenosarcoma) treated with trastuzumab and lapatinib experienced tumor shrinkage, with three achieving stable disease and one a partial response.
  • In one patient who developed resistance, the ERBB2 L869R mutation was identified in progressing metastasis, a mutation previously linked to in vitro resistance to lapatinib.

Outlook:

  • These findings underscore the potential of ERBB2-mutational driven therapy to improve patient outcomes across various cancer histologies.
  • Further clinical trials are warranted to validate the efficacy of targeting ERBB2 mutations and to overcome resistance mechanisms in solid tumors.