Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of solid electrolyte interphase formation and evolution in Li₂S-P₂S₅...

Solid-state electrolytes such as Li₂S-P₂S₅ compounds are promising materials that could enable Li metal anodes. However, many solid-state electrolytes are unstable against metallic lithium, and little is known about the chemical evolution of these interfaces during cycling, hindering the rational design of these materials. In this work, operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and real-time in situ Auger electron spectroscopy mapping are developed to probe the formation and evolution of the Li/Li₂S-P₂S₅ solid-electrolyte interphase during electrochemical cycling, and to measure individual overpotentials associated with specific interphase constituents. Results for the Li/Li₂S-P₂S₅ system reveal that electrochemically driving Li⁺ to the surface leads to phase decomposition into Li₂S and Li₃P. Additionally, oxygen contamination within the Li₂S-P₂S₅ leads initially to Li₃PO₄ phase segregation, and subsequently to Li₂O formation. The spatially non-uniform distribution of these phases, coupled with differences in their ionic conductivities, have important implications for the overall properties and performance of the solid-electrolyte interphase.