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Accelerators01:17

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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mTORC1 accelerates retinal development via the immunoproteasome.

Ji-Heon Choi1, Hong Seok Jo1,2, Soyeon Lim1

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Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) accelerates neural progenitor cell cycle and neurogenesis. Loss of immunoproteasome subunit Psmb9 normalizes retinal development in mTORC1-hyperactive mice.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Neural tissue development relies on precise regulation of neurogenesis and progenitor cell proliferation.
  • The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is crucial in cellular growth and metabolism.
  • Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1) deficiency leads to mTORC1 hyperactivity, impacting cell development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mTORC1 in vertebrate neural tissue development.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which mTORC1 influences neurogenesis and progenitor cell cycle progression.
  • To explore the involvement of the immunoproteasome in mTORC1-mediated neural development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Tsc1-deficient mouse models with mTORC1 hyperactivity.
  • Examined the effects of Psmb9 (immunoproteasome subunit) loss on retinal progenitor cells.
  • Analyzed cell cycle progression and neurogenesis rates.
  • Investigated the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (Stat1) in Psmb9 induction.

Main Results:

  • mTORC1 hyperactivity in Tsc1-deficient mouse retina accelerates progenitor cell cycle and neurogenesis.
  • Concomitant loss of Psmb9 decelerates cell cycle progression in Tsc1-deficient retinal progenitor cells.
  • Loss of Psmb9 normalizes the developmental schedule of Tsc1-deficient mouse retina.
  • Stat1 induces Psmb9, linking Stat1 activity to the observed effects.

Conclusions:

  • mTORC1 plays a significant role in promoting neural development.
  • mTORC1 enhances neural development by activating protein turnover via the immunoproteasome.
  • The interplay between mTORC1, Stat1, and the immunoproteasome is critical for regulating neural progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis.