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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, certain functional groups will make a molecule hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional group is a unique...
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Pharmacokinetics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the journey of a drug within the body, encompassing four key stages: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The first stage, absorption, involves the drug's transfer into the bloodstream. Several factors dictate the extent and speed of this process. For example, the liver often metabolizes oral drugs before they reach systemic circulation, leading to only partial absorption. In contrast, intravenous (IV)...
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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
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Cancer – an overview.

Eva Krieghoff-Henning, Juliane Folkerts, Andrea Penzkofer

    Medizinische Monatsschrift Fur Pharmazeuten
    |June 29, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cancer research is advancing rapidly, enabling detailed molecular analysis of tumors. This knowledge fuels the development of precise diagnostics and personalized cancer therapies for better patient outcomes.

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology and Molecular Biology
    • Cancer Genomics and Therapeutics

    Background:

    • Cancer is defined by uncontrolled cell proliferation evading normal regulatory mechanisms.
    • Traditional cancer classification by organ is evolving towards molecular profiling.
    • Technological progress allows for detailed molecular characterization of diverse cancer types.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To leverage recent technological advancements in cancer research.
    • To improve diagnostic precision and therapeutic efficacy in oncology.
    • To enable the development of individualized cancer treatment strategies.

    Main Methods:

    • Advanced molecular profiling techniques for cancer cell analysis.
    • Integration of genomic and molecular data for cancer classification.

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  • Utilizing accumulated knowledge for therapeutic development.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed molecular profiles of various cancer types are now achievable.
    • Enhanced understanding of cancer development and progression.
    • Foundation laid for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

    Conclusions:

    • Molecular characterization is crucial for understanding and treating cancer.
    • Precision diagnostics and tailored therapies are key to improving patient care.
    • The ultimate goal is personalized cancer medicine for optimal patient outcomes.