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Related Concept Videos

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Normal Stress01:19

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Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
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Applications of Normal Distribution01:22

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The normal distribution is a useful statistical tool. One of its practical applications is determining the door height after considering the normal distribution of heights of persons, such that many can pass through it easily without striking their heads. The normal distribution can also determine the probability of a person having a height less than a specific height.
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Introduction to Normal Distributions01:29

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Standardized test scores often follow a symmetric distribution that can be modeled with the normal distribution, a fundamental concept in statistics. This distribution is particularly useful for interpreting test performance fairly across populations, as it provides a mathematical framework for understanding variability and central tendency in large datasets.From Histogram to Frequency DistributionRaw test data are often displayed using histograms, where the height of each bar represents the...
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When a beam is subjected to different loads, such as weight, pressure, or other external forces, internal forces are generated within the beam. These forces can have a significant impact on the overall stability and strength of the structure. Engineers use various methods to analyze and determine the magnitude and direction of these internal forces. One common technique used to determine internal forces in beams is the method of sections. This method involves considering an imaginary point or...
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats
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Methamphetamine-associated difficulties in cognitive control allocation may normalize after prolonged abstinence.

Ann-Kathrin Stock1, Marion Rädle1, Christian Beste1

  • 1Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
|June 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive control deficits in former methamphetamine users may improve with longer abstinence periods. Neurophysiological differences observed in short-term abstainers resolved after two years, suggesting recovery is possible.

Keywords:
AbstinenceCognitive controlConflict monitoringMethamphetamineN2

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Chronic methamphetamine use is linked to dopaminergic neurotoxicity and cognitive control deficits.
  • These deficits may persist after cessation but tend to improve with abstinence duration.
  • Previous research focused on short abstinence intervals, neglecting longer-term recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of prolonged abstinence on cognitive control in former methamphetamine users.
  • To compare behavioral and neurophysiological measures of cognitive control between short-term and long-term abstinent individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 27 abstinent former methamphetamine users.
  • Utilized behavioral and neurophysiological measures to assess cognitive control.
  • Grouped participants based on abstinence duration (short-term vs. long-term).

Main Results:

  • Former users exhibited less expedient behavioral performance and struggled with cognitive control demands.
  • Reduced N2-N450 amplitude modulation was observed in short-term abstainers (mean 9.9 months).
  • These neurophysiological differences were not present in long-term abstainers (≥ 2 years).

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive control deficits in former methamphetamine users may require longer than 6 months for amelioration.
  • Findings suggest that executive dysfunctions may not be permanent or irreversible.
  • Caution is advised when interpreting statements about permanent dopamine-dependent deficits.