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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model
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Evolution of Salmonella within Hosts.

Jennifer R Tanner1, Robert A Kingsley1

  • 1Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK.

Trends in Microbiology
|June 30, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Salmonella evolves within hosts, creating diverse variants impacting disease severity and host range. Understanding this within-host evolution aids in predicting and managing Salmonella infections.

Keywords:
Salmonellaadaptationevolutionpathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial evolution
  • Pathogen adaptation
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Salmonella exhibits extensive within-host evolution, generating thousands of variants.
  • These variants display diverse host ranges and disease outcomes, from mild gastroenteritis to severe typhoid fever.
  • Within-host evolution is ongoing, driven by genomic variation during infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in understanding Salmonella evolution within hosts.
  • To explore host adaptation processes of Salmonella pathovars historically.
  • To examine direct observations of variation generation and trait selection during infections.

Main Methods:

  • Inference from historical host adaptation of Salmonella pathovars.
  • Direct observation of genomic variation and trait selection during single infections.
  • Analysis of factors driving adaptation, including animal husbandry, antimicrobials, and host immunity.

Main Results:

  • Within-host evolution leads to significant Salmonella diversity.
  • Adaptation is potentiated by environmental changes and host factors.
  • Genomic variation is a key driver of Salmonella's evolving pathogenicity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding within-host evolution is crucial for managing Salmonella.
  • Genomic variation and selection are central to Salmonella's adaptability.
  • Continued research on within-host evolution informs public health strategies.