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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.1K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
157.1K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.1K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.1K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.8K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

7.0K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
7.0K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

11.9K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
11.9K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

57.6K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
57.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay
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Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Published on: June 16, 2021

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Profiling Maternal mRNA Translation During Oocyte Development.

Joao P Sousa Martins1,2, Marco Conti3

  • 1Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new RiboTag method to measure mRNA translation in oocytes, crucial for understanding germ cell development and gene expression regulation.

Keywords:
MeiosisOocyteRNARibosomesTranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Germ cell development relies heavily on posttranscriptional gene regulation.
  • Understanding mRNA translation in oocytes is critical for reproductive success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a novel method for quantifying mRNA translation specifically within oocytes.
  • To investigate the role of translational control in germ cell development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the RiboTag approach to tag ribosomes in oocytes.
  • Expressed a hemagglutinin (HA)-tag on the large ribosomal subunit.
  • Employed immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) or RNA sequencing (RNAseq).

Main Results:

  • Successfully adapted RiboTag for oocyte-specific mRNA translation analysis.
  • Identified actively translated mRNAs in oocytes using immunoprecipitated RNA.
  • Provided a scalable method for studying translational control in germ cells.

Conclusions:

  • The RiboTag method offers a powerful tool to study translational regulation in oocytes.
  • This technique advances our understanding of gene expression dynamics during germ cell development.
  • Further research can leverage this method to uncover mechanisms of infertility and developmental disorders.