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Vaporization

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...

Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Vapor Pressure Lowering

Vapor Pressure Lowering

The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

Giant Lipid Vesicle Formation Using Vapor-Deposited Charged Porous Polymers.

Nareh Movsesian, Matthew Tittensor, Golnaz Dianat

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|July 3, 2018

Summary

Giant lipid vesicle formation is enhanced by thinner, structured polymer membranes and repulsive electrostatic interactions. Ionic strength and sugar concentration in buffers also increase vesicle yield, offering tunable production methods.

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Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

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Published on: January 17, 2018

Vapor Phase Deposition of Electroactive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto Electrospun Commodity Polymer Nanofibers

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Published on: March 7, 2025

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

Published on: June 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Lipid Bilayer Systems

Background:

Giant lipid vesicles are crucial models for cell membranes.
Controlling their formation is essential for applications in drug delivery and synthetic biology.
Existing methods often lack tunability in substrate properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of polymer membrane properties on giant lipid vesicle formation.
To optimize conditions for enhanced vesicle yield and controlled size distribution.
To establish a tunable fabrication technique for giant vesicles.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of giant lipid vesicles using vapor-deposited charged microporous poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol diacrylate) polymer membranes.
Systematic variation of membrane morphology, thickness, and surface charge.
Analysis of vesicle formation yield and size distribution under varying ionic strength and sugar concentrations.

Main Results:

Vesicle formation is favored by thinner, more structured porous hydrogel substrates.
Repulsive electrostatic interactions between the polymer membrane and lipid head groups promote vesicle formation.
Increased ionic strength and sugar concentration in the hydration buffer significantly enhance vesicle yield.
Osmotic effects and lipid-polymer interactions are key factors influencing vesicle formation.

Conclusions:

Substrate morphology, surface charge, and electrostatic interactions are critical for giant vesicle production.
Tunable hydrogel fabrication allows for control over vesicle size and composition.
This method provides a versatile platform for producing giant lipid vesicles with desired properties.