Clioquinol increases the expression of interleukin-8 by down-regulating GATA-2 and GATA-3

Clioquinol was used in the mid-1900s as an amebicide to treat indigestion and diarrhea. However, it was withdrawn from the market in Japan because it was linked to subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON). The pathogenesis of SMON has not yet been elucidated in detail. As reported previously, we performed a global analysis on human neuroblastoma cells using DNA chips. The global analysis and quantitative PCR demonstrated that the mRNA level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was significantly increased when SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with clioquinol. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay also demonstrated that clioquinol induced the secretion of IL-8 into culture media. Promoter analyses on SH-SY5Y cells revealed that a region responsive to clioquinol exists between -152 and -144 of the human IL-8 gene, which contains a consensus GATA-binding site sequence. The introduction of mutations at this site or the activator protein (AP)-1 site sequence at -126/-120 significantly reduced clioquinol-induced transcriptional activation. Among the GATA transcription factors expressed in SH-SY5Y cells, GATA-2 and GATA-3 protein levels were significantly decreased by the addition of clioquinol. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays using a probe corresponding to -159/-113 of the human IL-8 gene revealed two major shifted bands, one of which was increased and the other was decreased by clioquinol. The introduction of mutations showed that the former corresponded to binding to the AP-1 site, and the latter to binding to the GATA site. Supershift analyses revealed that the binding of c-Jun and c-Fos was increased, whereas that of GATA-3 was decreased by clioquinol. Genome editing against GATA-2 or GATA-3, not GATA-4 significantly enhanced clioquinol-induced IL-8 mRNA expression. On the other hand, the stable expression of GATA-2 or GATA-3 attenuated clioquinol-induced IL-8 mRNA expression and IL-8 secretion. These results suggest that the clioquinol-induced suppression of GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression mediates the up-regulation of IL-8.