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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

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Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management01:29

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Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a multifaceted approach to reduce symptoms, prevent exacerbations, improve overall health status, and slow disease progression. Key strategies include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, supportive therapies, and, in some cases, surgery. Here is an overview of the primary COPD management strategies:
Smoking Cessation
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.

Christopher J Mullin1, James R Klinger1

  • 1Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, POB Suite 224, Providence, RI 02903, USA.

Heart Failure Clinics
|July 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a lung disease caused by unresolved blood clots. Pulmonary endarterectomy surgery can cure CTEPH, while medical treatments improve symptoms for those ineligible for surgery.

Keywords:
CTEPHChronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionChronic thromboembolismPulmonary artery balloon angioplastyPulmonary embolismPulmonary endarterectomyPulmonary hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) arises from organized, fibrotic pulmonary emboli.
  • It can develop without a documented history of venous thromboembolism.
  • Diagnosis relies on precapillary pulmonary hypertension confirmed by right heart catheterization and imaging evidence of chronic emboli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of CTEPH.
  • To highlight the efficacy of surgical and medical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic criteria including right heart catheterization, V/Q scans, chest imaging, and pulmonary angiography.
  • Assessment of treatment outcomes for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) and medical therapy.

Main Results:

  • Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) offers a curative option with improved survival.
  • Medical therapy effectively enhances hemodynamics and functional capacity in patients unsuitable for PEA.

Conclusions:

  • CTEPH is a treatable condition with established diagnostic pathways.
  • Surgical intervention (PEA) is preferred when feasible, with medical management as a viable alternative.