Shungite Carbon as Unexpected Natural Source of Few-Layer Graphene Platelets in a Low Oxidation State

The paper reports on the feasibility of obtaining graphene nanomaterials with remarkable structural and chemical features from shungite rocks. The investigation of the composition and structural modifications induced in the pristine, natural C-containing mineraloid by a specifically designed physicochemical purification treatment is performed by a combined use of several techniques (scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies). The adopted material processing enables efficient extraction of the C phase in the form of thin polycrystalline platelets of a few hundred nanometers sizes, and formed by 6-10 graphene sheets. About 80% of such nanostructures are characterized by a regular sp² C honeycomb lattice and an ordered stacking of graphene layers with a d-spacing of ∼0.34 nm. The low oxygen content (∼5%), mainly found in the form of hydroxyl functional groups, provides the graphene platelets (GP) with a chemistry strictly close to that of conventional rGO materials. Such a feature is supported by the high conductivity value of 1.041 × 10³ S cm^-1 found for pelletized GP, which can be considered a valuable active material for a wide spectrum of advanced applications.