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Related Concept Videos

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

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This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
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SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

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In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
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SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

14.4K
Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
14.4K
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

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The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
11.3K
Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

17.4K
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
17.4K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Growing Magnetotactic Bacteria of the Genus Magnetospirillum: Strains MSR-1, AMB-1 and MS-1
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Building A Longitudinal Cohort From 9-1-1 to 1-Year Using Existing Data Sources, Probabilistic Linkage, and Multiple

Craig D Newgard1, Susan Malveau1, Dana Zive1

  • 1Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.

Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
|July 4, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers successfully created a longitudinal cohort of injured older adults using existing data, achieving high accuracy in linking records and validating data. This enables long-term outcome studies for this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Public Health
  • Epidemiology and Biostatistics
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Injured older adults represent a vulnerable population requiring comprehensive study.
  • Existing data sources are often fragmented, hindering longitudinal research.
  • Accurate cohort construction is crucial for understanding long-term outcomes in elderly injury patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and validate the construction of a population-based, longitudinal cohort of injured older adults.
  • To utilize existing data sources, probabilistic linkage, and multiple imputation for cohort assembly.
  • To track injured older adults from emergency medical services (EMS) contact through one-year follow-up.

Main Methods:

  • Descriptive cohort study in Oregon and Washington (2011-2012) including injured adults ≥ 65 years.
  • Assembled cohort using nine databases: EMS, trauma registries, discharge data, vital statistics, POLST, and Medicare claims.
  • Employed probabilistic linkage for data matching and multiple imputation for missing values; validated using sampled records.

Main Results:

  • Successfully constructed a cohort of 15,649 injured older adults with 87.3% total matched records.
  • Achieved high linkage sensitivity (99.9% for any match) and specificity (95.7% for any match).
  • Validated electronically derived variables showed high sensitivity (up to 97.4% for in-hospital mortality) and specificity (up to 99.8%).

Conclusions:

  • A population-based emergency care cohort for injured older adults can be effectively constructed.
  • Existing data sources, combined with probabilistic linkage and imputation, yield high accuracy.
  • This methodology supports robust research into long-term outcomes for this demographic.