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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Greece: Health System Review.

Charalampos Economou1, Daphne Kaitelidou2, Marina Karanikolos3

  • 1Panteion University of Social and Political Science, Greece.

Health Systems in Transition
|July 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Greece

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Policy
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • The Greek health system faces challenges from economic crisis, persistent health inequalities, and structural inefficiencies.
  • Despite EU-average life expectancy, high smoking and child obesity rates are noted risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze developments in the Greek health system's organization, financing, provision, reforms, and performance.
  • To evaluate the impact of the Economic Adjustment Programme on health sector reforms and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of organizational and governance structures.
  • Analysis of health financing mechanisms and healthcare provision.
  • Examination of health reforms implemented since 2010 and their impact.

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Main Results:

  • Reforms since 2010, driven by the Economic Adjustment Programme, focused on cost reduction and efficiency, including establishing a single purchaser for the National Health System and reducing pharmaceutical expenditure.
  • Significant progress in standardizing benefits, re-establishing universal coverage, and reforming procurement and payment systems under fiscal constraints.
  • Primary care overhaul is a priority (2018-2021), but challenges remain in funding, out-of-pocket spending, and strengthening planning and governance.

Conclusions:

  • While reforms have addressed cost reduction and some inefficiencies, a shift towards long-term strategic reforms is needed to enhance overall quality of care and service delivery.
  • Sustaining universal health coverage and access requires addressing funding gaps and high out-of-pocket expenditures.