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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Published on: January 21, 2016

Ionic Gels and Their Applications in Stretchable Electronics.

Haifei Wang¹, Ziya Wang¹, Jian Yang¹

¹Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications

|July 5, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic gels, with liquid electrolytes in polymer networks, enable advanced stretchable electronics. This review covers their design, fabrication, and applications in sensors, displays, and energy storage, highlighting future research needs.

Keywords:

electronic skin ionic gels soft actuators stretchable electronics

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Published on: October 20, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Electronics Engineering

Background:

Ionic gels are advanced materials featuring liquid electrolytes immobilized within polymer matrices.
These materials offer unique properties for developing flexible and stretchable electronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the design principles and fabrication techniques for ionic-gel-based stretchable electronics.
To summarize recent advancements in applications such as electronic skin, displays, energy storage, and actuators.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on material design and device fabrication strategies for ionic gels.
Analysis of recent progress in various ionic-gel-based electronic applications.

Main Results:

Significant progress has been made in ionic-gel-based electronic skin (sensors, transistors), flexible displays, energy storage, and soft actuators.
The review highlights successful implementations and emerging trends in stretchable electronics.

Conclusions:

Ionic gels are promising for next-generation stretchable electronics due to their unique properties.
Further research is needed to address current challenges and unlock the full potential of these materials for widespread technological adoption.