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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Detection of Black Holes

Detection of Black Holes

Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
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Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...

The Dot Product

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Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...

Dot Product

Dot Product

The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...

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The dot product is a powerful tool in problem-solving involving vectors, given that the dot product of two vectors is the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them measured anti-clockwise. Solving problems involving the dot product requires understanding its properties and developing a step-by-step process to solve them. Here are the main steps to follow when solving any general problem involving the dot product:
Identify the problem: Start by reading the problem and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

Highly stable QLEDs with improved hole injection via quantum dot structure tailoring.

Weiran Cao¹, Chaoyu Xiang¹, Yixing Yang¹

¹TCL Corporate Research, Nanshan District, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, 518067, China.

Nature Communications

|July 6, 2018

Summary

Researchers developed high-performance quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with improved hole injection. These novel QLEDs demonstrate significantly extended operational lifetimes, meeting industrial display application requirements.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optoelectronics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) face challenges with hole injection due to the deep valence band of quantum dots.
Existing hole transporting materials often fail to provide sufficient injection, limiting device efficiency and lifetime.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop high-performance QLEDs with extended operation lifetime.
To address the challenge of insufficient hole injection in QLEDs by tailoring quantum dot energy band structures.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of QLEDs utilizing quantum dots with engineered energy band structures.
Characterization of device performance, focusing on operational lifetime and brightness.

Main Results:

Demonstrated high-performance QLEDs with significantly improved hole injection capabilities.
Achieved a T95 operation lifetime exceeding 2300 hours at 1000 cd/m².
Projected an equivalent T50 lifetime of over 2,200,000 hours at 100 cd/m², meeting industrial standards.

Conclusions:

Tailoring quantum dot energy band structures is crucial for enhancing hole injection in QLEDs.
The developed QLEDs exhibit remarkable operational stability and long lifetimes, suitable for display applications.