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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set
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Human pluripotent reprogramming with CRISPR activators.

Jere Weltner1, Diego Balboa2, Shintaro Katayama3

  • 1Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland. jere.weltner@helsinki.fi.

Nature Communications
|July 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CRISPR gene activation (CRISPRa) successfully reprogrammed human skin cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Targeting an embryo genome activation motif significantly boosted reprogramming efficiency, revealing new mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Stem Cell Biology
  • * Gene Editing

Background:

  • * CRISPR-Cas9-based gene activation (CRISPRa) offers precise control over endogenous gene expression.
  • * Cellular reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is crucial for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
  • * Existing methods for iPSC generation can be inefficient and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the efficacy of CRISPRa for reprogramming primary human skin fibroblasts into iPSCs.
  • * To identify strategies for enhancing the efficiency of CRISPRa-mediated reprogramming.
  • * To elucidate the role of specific DNA motifs in the reprogramming process.

Main Methods:

  • * CRISPRa was employed to target key pluripotency gene promoters (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, LIN28A).
  • * Primary human skin fibroblasts were used as the starting cell population.
  • * A conserved Alu-motif near embryo genome activation (EEA) genes was additionally targeted to assess its impact on reprogramming efficiency.

Main Results:

  • * CRISPRa successfully reprogrammed human fibroblasts into iPSCs by activating endogenous pluripotency genes.
  • * Targeting the EEA-motif significantly enhanced reprogramming efficiency by over an order of magnitude.
  • * Enhanced activation of NANOG and REX1 was observed, contributing to the improved reprogramming outcome.

Conclusions:

  • * CRISPRa alone is sufficient for the reprogramming of human somatic cells into iPSCs.
  • * The EEA-motif plays a critical role in facilitating cellular reprogramming, likely through enhanced expression of key developmental genes.
  • * This study provides a novel and efficient CRISPRa-based strategy for iPSC generation and uncovers new insights into reprogramming mechanisms.