Parents' Preferences for Sex of Children in Sweden: Attitudes and Outcomes

It has been argued that preferences for the sex of children would be small or non-existing in relatively gender equal societies. However, previous studies have suggested that a stronger preference for having daughter exists in Scandinavian countries, which are frequently noted for being among the most gender equal societies in the world. Combining new register data on birth rates by sex of the previous children and recent survey data on couples' stated preferences for the sex of children, we show that the preference for daughters has increased in Sweden over the last decade. In addition to the stronger preference for having daughters among two-child mothers documented in previous research, our findings show that during the previous decade this preference was noticeable also among one-child parents. Despite Swedish society being known for holding gender equal social norms, interviewed parents openly expressed some degree of preference for having daughters over sons.