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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
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Aging and Apolipoprotein E in HIV Infection.

Rebeca Geffin1, Micheline McCarthy2

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.

Journal of Neurovirology
|July 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows longer lifespans for people with HIV. However, aging and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) may accelerate brain aging and neurocognitive impairment in HIV patients.

Keywords:
AgingApolipoprotein EHuman immunodeficiency virusNeurocognitive impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection into a chronic condition, increasing patient lifespan.
  • Despite ART, HIV-infected individuals experience accelerated aging, manifesting as organ-associated diseases and systemic syndromes similar to older, uninfected individuals.
  • HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) represent a spectrum of neurological, cognitive, and motor deficits, potentially linked to accelerated aging mechanisms or superimposed comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the influence of aging on HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment.
  • To examine the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in the development of HAND.
  • To understand the interaction between aging, ApoE, and cognitive function in the context of long-term HIV infection and ART.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on aging, ApoE, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
  • Analysis of evidence linking chronological age and biological aging processes to neurocognitive deficits in HIV.
  • Investigation of studies exploring the association between ApoE genotype and HAND prevalence and severity.

Main Results:

  • HIV infection, even with effective ART, is associated with accelerated brain aging and increased risk of neurocognitive impairment.
  • Comorbidities common in aging, coupled with chronic inflammation from HIV, exacerbate neurocognitive deficits.
  • The role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in HAND is debated, with conflicting evidence regarding its interaction with age to affect brain function in HIV patients.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-infected individuals are living longer, necessitating a focus on age-related health issues, including neurocognitive function.
  • Aging and ApoE are critical factors to consider when evaluating neurocognitive impairment in the growing population of long-term HIV survivors.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the complex interplay between aging, ApoE, and HAND to optimize management strategies.