[Ten questions about constrictive pericarditis]

Constrictive pericarditis is one of the most feared complications of patients with pericarditis, especially if recurrent. The common perception is that the higher the number of recurrences, the higher the risk of constriction. However, the risk of constriction is related to the etiology and not to the number of recurrences. Constriction has never been reported as a complication of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis, while the risk is low (<1%) after a first attack of idiopathic or viral pericarditis, intermediate for immune-mediated etiologies (2-5%, e.g. systemic inflammatory diseases, post-pericardiotomy syndromes) and cancer, and high especially for bacterial etiologies (20.30%, e.g. tuberculosis, purulent pericarditis). Constriction may be reversible in the setting of pericarditis and about 7-10% of patients with acute pericarditis may have transient constriction during the acute phase of inflammation, due to increased pericardial stiffness. Empiric anti-inflammatory therapy may prevent pericardiectomy in one half of cases.The clinical diagnosis is not easy but feasible with prompt recognition of the clinical symptoms and signs that may mimic heart failure and chronic hepatic disease (e.g. jugular vein distention, peripheral edema, ascites), the echocardiographic signs (e.g. septal bounce, respiratory variations of transmitral and tricuspid flows, annulus reversus, inferior vena cava plethora), and other imaging features (e.g. pericardial thickening in about 80% of cases, pericardial calcifications).In this paper, we will try to give an answer to common clinical doubts for assessing the risk of constriction, making the diagnosis, and addressing the therapy of these patients also underlying the possible outcomes.