Recurrent posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with cerebellar involvement leading to acute hydrocephalus

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome or PRES is a proposed cliniconeuroradiological entity that is characterized by headache, confusion, seizure, cortical visual disturbances or even blindness and, to a lesser extent, focal neurological signs. The etiology of this entity includes a sudden increase in blood pressure, renal failure, immunosuppressive drugs, infections, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Classically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings show a symmetric reversible vasogenic edema in the parietooccipital lobes. PRES can involve the brainstem and cerebellum and sometimes can leave irreversible lesions but it can also recur, which is a very rare presentation. In this article, we report a case of recurrent PRES with cerebellar involvement associated with non-communicating hydrocephalus in a 2-year-old child with renal failure on peritoneal dialysis after receiving Etoposide for macrophage activation syndrome.