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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.1K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

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The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
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Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment
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Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

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Efficient solar hydrogen generation in microgravity environment.

Katharina Brinkert1,2, Matthias H Richter3,4, Ömer Akay5

  • 1Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA. brinkert@caltech.edu.

Nature Communications
|July 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in microgravity is demonstrated for long-term space missions. This method offers a renewable energy source for space exploration, advancing life support technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Space exploration
  • Renewable energy production
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Long-term space missions necessitate in-situ production of storable, renewable energy.
  • Hydrogen is vital for space travel applications including power, propulsion, and oxygen generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate efficient photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in a microgravity environment.
  • To explore an alternative to current life support technologies for space travel.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a photoelectrochemical cell with an integrated catalyst-functionalized semiconductor system.
  • Conducting drop tower experiments to simulate microgravity conditions.
  • Employing shadow nanosphere lithography to control catalyst topography.

Main Results:

  • Achieved hydrogen production with current densities exceeding 15 mA/cm² in microgravity.
  • Overcame ion transport blocking froth layer formation by optimizing catalyst nanostructure.
  • Simulated system behavior in terrestrial and microgravity environments using a kinetic transport model.

Conclusions:

  • Photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation is feasible and efficient in microgravity.
  • Controlling catalyst micro- and nanotopography is key to overcoming performance limitations.
  • Findings enable optimized photoelectrode designs for future space missions.