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Related Concept Videos

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Dry-Contact Electrode Ear-EEG.

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    This study introduces a new dry-contact electrode ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG) system for convenient brain monitoring. The developed ear-EEG platform offers a user-friendly and gel-free alternative to traditional methods.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG) offers a noninvasive and discreet method for brain monitoring.
    • Existing ear-EEG methods rely on wet electrodes, limiting their potential for long-term, real-world applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a novel ear-EEG system utilizing dry-contact electrodes.
    • To assess the feasibility and performance of dry-contact ear-EEG for various electrophysiological paradigms.

    Main Methods:

    • A new ear-EEG platform was engineered with actively shielded, nanostructured dry electrodes integrated into a soft earpiece.
    • The platform was tested on 12 subjects across four EEG paradigms: auditory steady-state response, visual evoked potential, mismatch negativity, and alpha-band modulation.

    Main Results:

    • Dry-contact ear-EEG performance was comparable to scalp EEG when referenced to a common scalp electrode (Cz).
    • Statistically significant responses were achieved for all tested paradigms using in-ear electrodes, with a reference in the contralateral ear needed for mismatch negativity.
    • The prototyped system demonstrated comparable results to conventional scalp EEG.

    Conclusions:

    • Dry-contact electrode ear-EEG is a viable technology for electroencephalography.
    • This advancement enhances user-friendliness by eliminating the need for electrode gel, paving the way for more accessible brain monitoring.