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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Necrosis01:16

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The Dot Product01:26

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Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...
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Dot Product01:29

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The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
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Dot Product: Problem Solving01:21

Dot Product: Problem Solving

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The dot product is a powerful tool in problem-solving involving vectors, given that the dot product of two vectors is the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them measured anti-clockwise. Solving problems involving the dot product requires understanding its properties and developing a step-by-step process to solve them. Here are the main steps to follow when solving any general problem involving the dot product:
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Related Experiment Video

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Rapid Detection of Helicobacter pylori Virulence and Typing Using Quantum Dot Labeling Technology
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Rapid Detection of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Using Quantum Dot-Based Optical Aptasensor.

Shreya Ghosh, Debopam Datta, Shreya Chaudhry

    IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience
    |July 12, 2018
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    Summary

    This study presents a new optical aptasensor for detecting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The sensor shows a significant decrease in photoluminescence, enabling sensitive detection of this important protein biomarker.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Nanotechnology
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key inflammatory cytokine implicated in various diseases.
    • Accurate and sensitive detection of TNF-α is crucial for disease diagnosis and monitoring.
    • Existing detection methods may lack the sensitivity, specificity, or speed required for certain applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize a novel optical aptasensor for the detection of TNF-α.
    • To evaluate the sensor's performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity, and specificity.
    • To demonstrate the potential of the aptasensor for detecting TNF-α in complex biological matrices like human serum.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of an aptasensor using a DNA aptamer, quantum dot, and gold nanoparticle.
    • Utilizing the "turn off" optical response based on photoluminescence quenching.
    • Quantifying TNF-α concentration by measuring the decrease in photoluminescence intensity.
    • Assessing sensor specificity using control proteins and validating in human serum samples.

    Main Results:

    • The aptasensor demonstrated a linear decrease in photoluminescence intensity and a linear increase in quenching efficiency between 0 to 22.3 nM of TNF-α.
    • A low detection limit of 97.2 pM for TNF-α was achieved.
    • The sensor exhibited high selectivity towards TNF-α over other proteins like C-reactive protein, albumin, and transferrin.
    • Successful detection of TNF-α in human serum samples was achieved, showing approximately 10% quenching efficiency at 12.5 nM.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed optical aptasensor provides a sensitive and selective method for TNF-α detection.
    • The "turn off" photoluminescence mechanism offers a reliable platform for quantitative analysis.
    • The aptasensor's ability to function in human serum highlights its potential for clinical diagnostics.