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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Urinary System01:13

Introduction to Urinary System

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
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Nursing Diagnosis01:22

Nursing Diagnosis

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Following assessment, a nursing diagnosis is the next step in the nursing process. It begins after the nurse has collected and recorded the patient data. The purpose of diagnosing is to identify how the client responds to actual or potential health processes, identify factors that bestow or that cause health problems, the etiologies, and identify resources or strengths the individual, group, or community can draw on to prevent or resolve problems.
The nursing diagnosis focuses on evidence-based...
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Formulating and Validating Nursing Diagnosis I01:26

Formulating and Validating Nursing Diagnosis I

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A nursing diagnosis is written when the nurse recognizes a cluster of essential patient data indicating health problems treated with independent nursing interventions. The standardized terminologies of a nursing diagnosis help nurses identify and treat patients' problems. Every electronic health record that uses nursing diagnosis must employ standard diagnostic terminology. Developing an efficient, individualized care plan begins with accurate nursing diagnoses.
There are thirteen domains...
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Documentation of Nursing Diagnosis01:10

Documentation of Nursing Diagnosis

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The nurse documents nursing diagnoses and enters them into the patient record. The identified patient's nursing diagnosis is either written out with a plan of care or entered into the electronic health record.
In some settings, data-driven computerized decision support systems are in place, allowing for more accurate nursing diagnoses. The database within one of these systems includes diagnostic labels defining characteristics, activities, and indicators for nursing. A nurse enters...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage
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Pneumococcal urinary antigen test: A tool for pneumococcal aortitis diagnosis?

Stanislas Abrard1, Benoit Cousin1, Thomas Reydel1

  • 1Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France.

Idcases
|July 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pneumococcal aortitis, a rare condition, can be diagnosed using a urinary antigen test when blood cultures are negative. Early diagnosis and treatment improve patient outcomes for this serious infection.

Keywords:
Aneurysm infectedAortitisDiagnosisPneumococcal infectionsStreptococcus pneumoniae

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Aortitis is a rare but serious condition with high mortality.
  • Etiological diagnosis of aortitis is challenging but critical for effective treatment.
  • Pneumococcus is a significant cause of infectious aortitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of pneumococcal aortitis.
  • To highlight the utility of the pneumococcal urinary antigen test in diagnosing infectious aortitis.
  • To review the literature on pneumococcal aortitis.

Main Methods:

  • Case presentation of a patient with pneumococcal aortitis.
  • Diagnostic workup including blood cultures and pneumococcal urinary antigen test.
  • Treatment involved antibacterial therapy and surgical/endovascular procedures.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with multiple inflammatory aneurysms.
  • Blood cultures were negative, but the pneumococcal urinary antigen test was positive postoperatively.
  • The patient recovered well after comprehensive treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The pneumococcal urinary antigen test can be a valuable tool for diagnosing infectious aortitis, especially when blood cultures are negative.
  • Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial and surgical management are crucial for favorable outcomes.
  • Further studies are warranted to evaluate the diagnostic value of the pneumococcal urinary antigen test in aortitis.