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The Relation Between Factual and Counterfactual Conditionals.

Ana Cristina Quelhas1, Célia Rasga1, P N Johnson-Laird2,3

  • 1ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Applied Psychology Research Center, Capabilities & Inclusion.

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|July 13, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores factual and counterfactual conditionals, revealing they share semantic bases in possibilities. Experiments confirm that both conditional types can have a priori truth values, challenging alternative theories.

Keywords:
ConditionalsCounterfactual conditionalsMental modelsPossibilitiesProbabilities

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Philosophy of Language

Background:

  • The relationship between factual and counterfactual conditionals is debated, with some theories proposing distinct semantic bases.
  • The theory of mental models offers an alternative perspective, interrelating these conditional types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the semantic relationship between factual and counterfactual conditionals.
  • To test the hypothesis that both conditional types are grounded in possibilities and can possess a priori truth values.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted to examine the truth values and semantic representations of factual and counterfactual conditionals.
  • Participants' judgments on conditional statements and their paraphrases were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 demonstrated that certain counterfactual conditionals, similar to factual conditionals, are true or false a priori.
  • Experiment 2 confirmed these findings and showed participants distinguished between real and counterfactual possibilities when paraphrasing conditionals.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the mental models theory's account of conditionals, suggesting a unified semantic basis in possibilities.
  • Results contradict alternative theories that posit fundamentally different semantics for factual and counterfactual conditionals.