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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
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The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

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Dr Coupland 4 May 1901 - 12 May 1936.

S L McKernon1, L Gartshore1

  • 1School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, Merseyside, L3 5PS.

British Dental Journal
|July 13, 2018
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This summary is machine-generated.

Dr. Coupland

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Area of Science:

  • Dental instrumentation
  • History of dentistry

Background:

  • Dr. Coupland's contributions to dentistry are largely unknown.
  • His instruments are widely used in modern dental practices.

Discussion:

  • This article aims to shed light on Dr. Coupland's life and work.
  • It highlights the significance of his inventions in dental practice.

Key Insights:

  • Dr. Coupland developed instruments still in use today.
  • Understanding his work provides historical context for dental tools.

Outlook:

  • Further research into historical dental instrument makers is warranted.
  • Recognizing inventors like Dr. Coupland enriches dental history.