Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

9.2K
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
9.2K
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

3.5K
3.5K
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

10.0K
Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
10.0K
Gene Therapy00:59

Gene Therapy

27.7K
Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
27.7K
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

196.9K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
196.9K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

10.7K
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
10.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Flipping antimicrobial peptides in the exit tunnel of the bacterial ribosome.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

A natural depsipeptide antibiotic binds the E-site of the bacterial ribosome.

Nature·2026
Same author

5-Azacytidine incorporation into mRNAs disrupts translation and induces ribosome collisions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Structural modification of oxazolidinone antibiotics alters nascent peptide stalling preference and peptide trajectory through the ribosome.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

How tailored Ribo-seq methods probe unique translation events.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Saskemycin, a potent and selective antimycobacterial agent targeting a unique site on the ribosome.

Research square·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Editing in Bamboo Leaves for Sustainable Plastic Alternatives
06:57

Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Editing in Bamboo Leaves for Sustainable Plastic Alternatives

Published on: August 18, 2023

2.3K

Genes within Genes in Bacterial Genomes.

Sezen Meydan1, Nora Vázquez-Laslop1, Alexander S Mankin1

  • 1Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607.

Microbiology Spectrum
|July 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria can produce multiple proteins from a single gene using alternative translation start sites. This "genes-within-genes" strategy expands the bacterial proteome and can yield proteins with novel functions.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bacterial Physiology

Background:

  • The standard genetic code in bacteria follows a "one gene-one protein" model.
  • Bacterial mRNA structure and translation dynamics allow for deviations from standard protein encoding.
  • Alternative translation initiation sites within a single gene can lead to the expression of multiple proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known bacterial genes that encode multiple proteins from a single mRNA.
  • To discuss the functions of alternative polypeptides generated from additional translation start sites.
  • To explore systematic methods for discovering novel translation initiation sites.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bacterial gene expression and translation.

More Related Videos

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets
11:19

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Published on: July 7, 2010

15.0K
Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays
29:41

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

Published on: May 28, 2007

9.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Editing in Bamboo Leaves for Sustainable Plastic Alternatives
06:57

Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Editing in Bamboo Leaves for Sustainable Plastic Alternatives

Published on: August 18, 2023

2.3K
Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets
11:19

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Published on: July 7, 2010

15.0K
Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays
29:41

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

Published on: May 28, 2007

9.3K
  • Analysis of known examples of alternative translation initiation.
  • Discussion of proteome- and genome-wide approaches for site discovery.

    • Main Results:

    • Bacteria can utilize internal mRNA codons as alternative translation start sites.
    • Proteins from alternative start sites within the same frame share C-terminal sequences but differ at the N-terminus.
    • Proteins from alternative start sites in different frames have entirely different sequences.
    • Alternative proteins generated via the "genes-within-genes" strategy can possess important functions.

    Conclusions:

    • Alternative translation initiation is a significant mechanism for expanding bacterial proteomes.
    • The "genes-within-genes" strategy allows for the generation of functionally diverse proteins from a single gene.
    • Systematic proteomic and genomic approaches are crucial for uncovering the full extent of alternative translation.