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Related Concept Videos

Power01:08

Power

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The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. While none of these quantities or relations involves time explicitly, we know that the time available to accomplish work is often just as important as the amount of work itself. For example, sprinters in a race may have achieved the same velocity at the finish, therefore,...
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Absolute and Local Extreme Values01:22

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The highest and lowest values of a function, relative to a reference axis, are known as extreme values. These include absolute maximum and absolute minimum values, which represent the highest and lowest points the function reaches across its entire domain. Within a restricted portion of the function, the highest and lowest values are referred to as local maximum and local minimum values, respectively.Periodic functions, such as sine and cosine, show extreme values at infinitely many points due...
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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The power and energy delivered to an element are subjects of great significance in the field of electrical engineering. It is a well-known fact that a 100-watt light bulb emits more light than a 60-watt one. Therefore, power and energy calculations play a crucial role in the analysis of electrical circuits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton
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Modeling and Simulation of a Lower Extremity Powered Exoskeleton.

Brandon N Fournier, Edward D Lemaire, Andrew J J Smith

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |July 14, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Virtual models of lower extremity powered exoskeletons (LEPEs) accurately predict walking forces, aiding in the design of better assistive devices for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). This research enhances LEPE technology for improved mobility.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Robotics
    • Rehabilitation Engineering

    Background:

    • Lower extremity powered exoskeletons (LEPEs) enable individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) to stand and walk.
    • Current LEPEs often have slow walking speeds and can cause user fatigue, indicating a need for design improvements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate virtual models for simulating walking with the ARKE exoskeleton.
    • To utilize virtual prototyping for cost-effective enhancement of LEPE design.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed two musculoskeletal models simulating walking with the ARKE exoskeleton.
    • Model 1: Driven by kinematic data from 30 able-bodied participants (0.2-0.8 m/s).
    • Model 2: Incorporated upper limb crutches and used 3-D marker data from 5 SCI participants.

    Main Results:

    • Both models accurately predicted ground reaction forces (GRF) across various walking speeds.
    • Strong correlations (>0.90) observed for vertical GRF.
    • Weakest correlations (<0.35) for root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mediolateral center of pressure trajectory.

    Conclusions:

    • Validated musculoskeletal models support the optimization of LEPE joint mechanics.
    • The findings facilitate improved design of lower extremity powered exoskeletons for enhanced user mobility and reduced fatigue.