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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Metabolism01:40

Overview of Metabolism

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
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Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...
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Overview of Functional Groups01:19

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, certain functional groups will make a molecule hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional group is a unique...
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Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:10

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Pharmacokinetics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the journey of a drug within the body, encompassing four key stages: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The first stage, absorption, involves the drug's transfer into the bloodstream. Several factors dictate the extent and speed of this process. For example, the liver often metabolizes oral drugs before they reach systemic circulation, leading to only partial absorption. In contrast, intravenous (IV)...
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Bioavailability: Overview01:13

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
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Uncertainty: Overview00:59

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as...
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Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Panel for Immuno-oncology Studies on Formalin-fixed Carcinoma Tissue Specimens
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[Immuno-Oncology: A Brief Overview].

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    Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to fight tumors, showing success with checkpoint inhibitors and T-cell therapies for various cancers. Ongoing research expands these life-extending treatments, despite potential side effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immuno-oncology
    • Cancer immunology
    • Immunotherapy

    Background:

    • The immune system plays a critical role in cancer development and control.
    • Immunotherapy has become a cornerstone in treating numerous cancer types, improving survival rates.
    • T-cell activation is central to many successful immunotherapeutic strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent clinical advancements in immuno-oncology.
    • To highlight the impact of T-cell-based therapies in cancer treatment.
    • To discuss the growing complexity and challenges in cancer immunotherapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of clinical data on immunotherapeutic agents.
    • Analysis of approved therapies including checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4, PD1, PD-L1) and T-cell-based treatments.
    • Examination of novel compounds and cellular therapeutics in clinical investigation.

    Main Results:

    • Checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate long-term tumor control in metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer.
    • Bispecific antibodies (blinatumomab) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are approved for B-cell leukemias and lymphomas.
    • Immunotherapies offer significant clinical benefits but can cause severe side effects requiring expert management.

    Conclusions:

    • Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care, with T-cell-based approaches showing significant efficacy.
    • The field of immuno-oncology is rapidly evolving, presenting both opportunities and challenges.
    • Effective management of side effects and ongoing research are crucial for advancing cancer immunotherapy.