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Related Concept Videos

Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

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In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or...
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Enzymes02:34

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Second Harmonic Generation Signals in Rabbit Sclera As a Tool for Evaluation of Therapeutic Tissue Cross-linking TXL for Myopia
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Sortase A as a cross-linking enzyme in tissue engineering.

Nicolas Broguiere1, Florian A Formica1, Gonçalo Barreto1

  • 1Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.

Acta Biomaterialia
|July 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial Sortase A (SA) enzyme offers a stable and efficient method for crosslinking hydrogels in tissue engineering. This enzymatic approach enables rapid gel formation, good cytocompatibility, and no immune response, making it ideal for 3D culture and biofabrication.

Keywords:
Cross-linkingHydrogelSortaseTissue engineering

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Experimental Approaches to Tissue Engineering
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Experimental Approaches to Tissue Engineering

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Experimental Approaches to Tissue Engineering
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Experimental Approaches to Tissue Engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Enzymatic crosslinking is a biocompatible method for hydrogel fabrication.
  • Sortase A (SA) is a bacterial ligase with high specificity and efficiency for protein modification.
  • Existing crosslinking enzymes like Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) have limitations in availability and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Sortase A (SA) as a crosslinking enzyme for hydrogel-based tissue engineering.
  • To optimize SA production and purification for high yields.
  • To evaluate SA-mediated hydrogel properties including kinetics, stability, cytocompatibility, and immunogenicity.

Main Methods:

  • Optimized production and purification of SA pentamutant from E. coli.
  • Modified hyaluronan (HA) with SA-substrate peptides for crosslinking studies.
  • Compared SA crosslinking to Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) using transglutaminase.
  • Evaluated enzyme stability, gelation kinetics, cytocompatibility, and in vivo immunogenicity.

Main Results:

  • High yields and purity of SA achieved through optimized E. coli production.
  • SA demonstrated superior stability in solution and significantly faster gelation kinetics compared to FXIIIa.
  • Achieved nearly-instantaneous gel formation with SA, suitable for in situ applications.
  • SA-crosslinked hydrogels exhibited good cytocompatibility and no observed immunogenicity in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Sortase A (SA) is a highly effective and versatile enzyme for hydrogel crosslinking in tissue engineering.
  • SA offers advantages over FXIIIa in terms of stability, speed, and ease of production.
  • This novel crosslinking modality shows promise for 3D cell culture, tissue regeneration, and biofabrication applications.